Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Design Codes and Standards for Building Construction
A State of the Art
Abstract
Building design codes (BDC) are used to control the construction industry in general and building design in particular. The BDC offers the construction sector with a standard language and set of requirements. There are several BDCs developed and utilized for construction purposes throughout the world. Certain design codes are employed in structural design to assure the structure’s health and safety, as well as its cost-effectiveness. It also assures that the structure is sufficiently sturdy to endure all potential climatic conditions, bear its intended load, and is integrated to ensure effective use of building materials and resources. This research aims to compare various building construction design codes to identify and explore the most appropriate standard in terms of safe design, economics, and availability of details. In Kurdistan and different parts of Iraq, many international companies have designed building structures with various codes during the past 20 years. This is a bad condition since the government has no control over the construction of the buildings, which includes both the code and the building materials. There is currently no overview of the design codes in use in Kurdistan, nor is it clear whether they are congruent with what students’ study in institutions.
Downloads
References
ACI Committee, 2005. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05). American Concrete Institute, United States.
ACI, C. 2002. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI318-02). American Concrete Institute, United States.
Adewuyi, A.P. and Franklin, S.O. 2011. Analytical investigation of prestressed concrete structures incorporating combined post-tensioned and post-compressed reinforcements. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 6, p.12.
Al-Fahad, J.Y. 2012. Reform of Building Codes, Regulations, Administration and Enforcement in Kuwait: Within the Legal, Administrative, Technical and Social Framework. Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
Allen, E. and Iano, J. 2019. Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods. John Wiley and Sons, United States.
Alnuaimi, A.S., Patel, I.I. and Al-Mohsin, M.C. 2013. Design results of RC members subjected to bending, shear, and torsion using ACI 318: 08 and BS 8110: 97 building codes. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and
Construction, 18, pp.213-224.
Al-Obaidi, A., Jokhio, G. and Abu-Tair, A. 2019. Comparison between American and Australian code through seismic effects. In: IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE). IEEE, United States. pp.1-8.
Al-Sayed, M. and Waris, S.M.B. 2017. Seismic Analysis of Residential Units in Oman. PhD Thesis, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
Al-Taie, E., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutsson, S. 2014. The need to develop a building code for Iraq. Engineering, 6, pp.610-632.
Amer, A.N., Sobaih, M. and Adel, A. 2016. Investigation of effects of capacity spectrum method on performance evaluation of multi-story buildings according to the IRAQI seismic code requirements. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 6, pp.420-441.
Arezoumandi, M., Mohaghegh Zadeh Davani ASL, M. S., Mobargha, S.O. and Afshar, S. 2021. Verification of shear strengths’ provisions of existing codes for self-consolidating concrete. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 7, 172-183.
Arya, C. 2018. Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry and Timber Designs to British Standards and Eurocodes. CRC Press, United States.
Association, C.C.S. 2005. CSA A23. 3-04: Design of Concrete Structures. Technical Committee on Reinforced Concrete Design. Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale.
Association, C.S. 2004. CSA A23. 3-04 Design of Concrete Structures: Structures Design. Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga. pp.62-64.
Athanasopoulou, A., Dimova, S., Fuchs, M., Sousa, M.L., Pinto, A., Nikolova, B. and Iannacone, S. 2018. State of Eurocode 8 Implementation in the European Union. 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki. pp.18-21.
Atique, F. and Wadud, Z. 2001. A comparison of BNBC-93 with other building codes with respect to earthquake and wind analysis. The Eighth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Australia, S.W. 2012. Safe Design of Structures: Code of Practice. Safe Work Australia, Australia.
Authority, B.I. 1992. The New Zealand Building Code Handbook. Standards New Zealand.(NZBC), New Zealand.
Bakhoum, M.M., Mourad, S.A. and Hassan, M.M. 2016. Comparison of actions and resistances in different building design codes. Journal of Advanced Research, 7, pp.757-767.
Balendra, T., Lam, N., Wilson, J.L. and Kong, K. 2002. Analysis of longdistance earthquake tremors and base shear demand for buildings in Singapore. Engineering Structures, 24, pp.99-108.
Baltimore, H. 2009. Proposed Changes to the 2009 Editions of the International Building Code. International Code Council 2009/2010 Code Development Cycle.
Bano, S., Izhar, T. and Mumtaz, N. 2019. Design of RC Member Using Different Building Code: A Review. International UKIERI Concrete Congress Congress.
Bartlett, R., Halverson, M.A. and Shankle, D.L. 2003. Understanding Building Energy Codes and Standards. Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States).
Beeby, A.W. and Narayanan, R. 2005. Designers’ Guide to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures: General Rules and Rules for Buildings and Structural Fire Design. Thomas Telford Ltd., United Kingdom.
Beeby, A.W., Narayanan, R.S. and Narayanan, R. 1995. Designers’ Handbook to Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Thomas Telford Ltd., United Kingdom.
Belazougui, M. 2017. Algerian Seismic Building Code: Main Features Of The New Draft RPA 2015. 16th World Conference on Earthquake, Santiago Chile.
Ben-Joseph, E. 2012. Codes and standards. In: The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
Bhavsar, M.J., Choksi, K.N., Bhatt, S.K. and Shah, S.K. 2014. Comparative study of typical RCC building using Indian standards and Euro standards under seismic forces. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4, pp.1-4.
Billington, D.P. 1985. The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering. Princeton University Press, United States.
Bisch, P., Carvalho, E., Degee, H., Fajfar, P., Fardis, M., Franchin, P., Kreslin, M., Pecker, A., Pinto, P. and Plumier, A. 2012. Eurocode 8: Seismic Design of Buildings Worked Examples. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Bond, A., Brooker, O., Harris, A., Harrison, T., Moss, R., Narayanan, R. and Webster, R. 2006. How to Design Concrete Structures Using Eurocode 2. Concrete Centre, United Kingdom.
Bose, P., Dubey, R. and Yazdi, M. 1992. Comparison of Codal Provisions Suggested by Various Countries. Earthquake Engineering, Tenth World Conference, Rotterdam, Netherlands. pp.5747-5750.
Canada, N.R.C.O. 2015. National Building Code of Canada, 2015. National Research Council Canada, Canada.
Canchig Cola, M.V., 2016. Comparative analysis of the structural design of a reinforced concrete housing project applying the Standards of the Ecuadorian Construction Code (CEC 2002) and the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC 2015) (Bachelor’s thesis, Quito / UIDE / 2016).
Canisius, T.G., Baker, J. and Diamantidis, D. 2011. Structural Robustness Design for Practising Engineers. COST Action TU0601 Robustness of Structures, Switzerland. p.139.
Chebihi, A. and Laouami, N. 2014. Comparative Seismic Study between Algerian Code (RPA99), European Code (EC8) and American Code (UBC97). 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey.
Cheng, F. 2013. Using building codes and standards to improve construction quality and safety. In: ICCREM 2013: International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2013.
Clemmensen, B., 2003, November. Building Codes–a good tool in the right context. In: Paper presented by the Chairman, Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes to the Global Summit on Performance-Based Building Codes.
National Research Council Canada. Associate Committee on the National Building Code, 1990. National building code of Canada. Associate Committee on the National Building Code, National Research Council.
Code, P. 2005. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. British Standard Institution, London.
Code, U.B. 1997. International Building Code. International Code Council, USA. Committee, A. 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary. American Concrete Institute, United States.
Committee, E.P. 2007. ECP-203: 2007-Egyptian Code for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures. HBRC, Giza.
Conrad, R.T. and Winkel, S.R. 1998. Design Guide to the 1997 Uniform Building Code. John Wiley and Sons, United States.
Cote, A.E. and Grant, C.C. 2008. Codes and standards for the built environment. In: Fire Protection Handbook. vol. 20. National Fire Protection Association, Massachusetts. p.1-61.
Davidson, B. 2008. Base Shear Scaling. Proceedings NZSEE Technical Conference, New Zealand.
De León, A.E.D. 2010. National building code of India and the international building code: An introduction. In: Indo-US Forensic Practices: Investigation Techniques and Technology. American Society of Civil Engineers, United States. pp.111-120.
Deepshikha and Basu, T. 2011. A review on synthesis and characterization of nanostructured conducting polymers (NSCP) and application in biosensors. Analytical Letters, 44, pp.1126-1171.
Doğangün, A. and Livaoğlu, R. 2006. Acomparative study of the design spectra defined by Eurocode 8, UBC, IBC and Turkish Earthquake Code on R/C sample buildings. Journal of Seismology, 10, pp.335-351.
Dollet, C. and Guéguen, P. 2022. Global occurrence models for human and economic losses due to earthquakes (1967-2018) considering exposed GDP and population. Natural Hazards, 110, pp.349-372.
Donduren, M.S. and Omeed, A. 2018. Comparison of the Masonry building codes Turkish, Euro and USA building codes. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 13, pp.89-96.
EN, B. 2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Belgium.
Eurocode, B. 2006. Actions on Structures-Part 1-7: General Actions-Accidental Actions. British Standard, London.
Faizian, M. and Ishiyama, Y. 2004. Comparison of Seismic Codes of 1981Japan (BSLJ), 2000 USA (IBC) and 1999 Iran (ICS). 10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Canada.
Fenwick, R., Lau, D. and Davidson, B. 2002. A comparison of the seismic design requirements in the New Zealand loadings standard with other major design codes. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 35, pp.190-203.
Franklina, S.O. and Mensahb, K.K. 2011. A Comparative Study of EC2 and BS8110 Beam Analysis and Design in a Reinforced Concrete Four Storey Building. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research.
Gadade, M.S.R., Student, P., Vaidkar, N. and Kalwane, U. 2017. Literature Review on Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of RC Frame Structure By Various Code. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 10, pp.703-707.
Galíndez, N. and Thomson, P. 2007. Performance of steel moment-frame buildings designed according to the Colombian code NSR-98. Engineering structures, 29, pp.2274-2281.
Gilbert, R.I., Mickleborough, N.C. and Ranzi, G. 2016. Design of Prestressed Concrete to AS3600-2009. CRC Press, United States.
Guendelman, T., Saragoni, G. and Verdugo, R. 2012. Chilean Emergency Seismic Design Code for Buildings after El Maule 2010 Earthquake. Proc. 15 WCEE, paper, p.4480.
Gulvanessian, H. 2001, EN1990 Eurocode-Basis of Structural Design. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering. Thomas Telford Ltd., United Kingdom. pp.8-13.
Gulvanessian, H. and Holický, M. 1996. Designers’ Handbook to Eurocode 1: Basis of Design. Thomas Telford, United Kingdom.
Gulvanessian, H., Calgaro, J.A. and Holicky, M. 2012. Designers’ Guide to Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design. ICE Publishing, Telford.
Gulvanessian, H., Formichi, P. and Calgaro, J.A. 2009. Designers’ Guide to Eurocode 1: Actions on Buildings: EN1991-1-1 and-1-3 TO-1-7. Thomas Telford Ltd., United Kingdom.
Habibi, A. and Asadi, K. 2013. Seismic Performance of RC Frames Irregular in Elevation Designed Based on Iranian Seismic Code. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering, 1, pp.40-55.
Haldar, P. and Singh, Y. 2009. Seismic performance and vulnerability of Indian code designed RC frame buildings. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 46, pp.29-45.
Hawileh, R.A., Malhas, F.A. and Rahman, A. 2009. Comparison between ACI 318-05 and Eurocode 2 (EC2-94) in flexural concrete design. Structural Engineering and Mechanics: An International Journal, 32, pp.705-724.
Heady, E.J., Currie, S. and LLP, H. 2012. Construction law-the history is ancient!! Common Sense Contract Law.
Higgins, J. and Rogers, B. 1998. Designed and Detailed (BS 8110: 1997). British Cement Association.
Hitchin, R. 2008. Can Building Codes Deliver Energy Efficiency. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, United Kingdom.
Imashi, N. and Massumi, A. 2011. Acomparative study of the seismic provisions of Iranian seismic code (standard no. 2800) and international building code 2003. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing). 12. 579-596.
Institute, A. 2011. Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary. America Concrete Institute Farmington Hills, Michigan.
Institution, B.S. 2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures: Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. British Standards Institution, United Kingdom.
Islam, A.S., Jameel, M., Uddin, M. and Ahmad, S.I. 2011. Simplified design guidelines for seismic base isolation in multi-storey buildings for Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC). International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6, pp.5467-5486.
Itabashi, M. and Fukuda, H. 1999. The Japanese Building Standard Law and a series of steels for earthquake-resistant building structures. Technology, Law and Insurance, 4, pp.37-44.
Itti, S., Pathade, A. and Karadi, R.B. 2014. A Comparative Study on Seismic Provisions Made in Indian and International Building Codes for RC Buildings.
International Journal of Civil, Architectural, Structural and Construction Engineering, 8, pp.457-463.
Izhar, T. and Dagar, R. Comparison of reinforced concrete member design methods of various countries. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9, pp.637-646.
Jawad, A.A.H. 2006. Strength design requirements of ACI-318M-02 code, BS8110, and Eurocode 2 for structural concrete: A comparative study. Journal
of Engineering and Development, 10, pp.22-28.
Karthiga, S., Titus, H.E., Hazarika, R.R. and Harrish, M. 2015. Design and comparison of a residential building (G+ 10) for seismic forces using the codes:
IS1893, Euro code 8, ASCE 7-10 and British code. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 5, pp.205-209.
Keeler, M. and Vaidya, P. 2016. Fundamentals of Integrated Design for Sustainable Building. John Wiley and Sons, United States.
Koti, K.N.V. 2017. Comparative analysis of a high-rise structure using various international codes. International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology, 4, 6.
Landingin, J., Rodrigues, H., Varum, H., Arêde, A. and Costa, A. 2013. Comparative analysis of RC irregular buildings designed according to different seismic design codes. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 7, pp.221-229.
Lian, W. and Wang, S. 2006. Discussion on inter-storey displacement angle of high-rise building. Building Structure, 36, pp.49-55.
Liebing, R.W. 1987. Construction Regulations Handbook. Wiley-Interscience, New Jersey.
Liew, Y. 2009. British standard (BS 8110) and Eurocode 2 (EC2) for reinforced concrete column design. Microsoft incorporation (2010). Microsoft Excel. University of Technology Malaysia, Malaysia.
Listokin, D. and Hattis, D.B. 2005. Building codes and housing. Cityscape, 8, pp.21-67.
Marino, E.M., Nakashima, M. and Mosalam, K.M. 2005. Comparison of European and Japanese seismic design of steel building structures. Engineering Structures, 27, pp.827-840.
Marpal, K.A.F. 2010. Comparison of Slab Design between Bs 8110 and Eurocode 2 by Using Microsoft Excel. Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia.
Mcintosh, R. and Pezeshk, S. 1997. Comparison of recent US seismic codes. Journal of Structural Engineering, 123, pp.993-1000.
Mehrabian, A. 1996. Uncertainty Evaluation of the 1994 UBC Base Shear Formula for Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames. San Jose State University, San Jose, CA.
Meijer, F. and Visscher, H. 2008. Building regulations from an European perspective. Proceedings of COBRA, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
Melkers, J. and Willoughby, K. 1998. The state of the states: Performancebased budgeting requirements in 47 out of 50. Public Administration Review, 58, pp.66-73.
Menegon, S.J., Wilson, J.L., Lam, N.T. and Mcbean, P. 2018. RC walls in Australia: Seismic design and detailing to AS 1170.4 and AS 3600. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 19, pp.67-84.
Moehle, J.P., Hooper, J.D. and Lubke, C.D. 2016. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Frames. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States.
Mosley, W.H., Hulse, R. and Bungey, J.H. 2012. Reinforced Concrete Design: To Eurocode 2. Macmillan International Higher Education, London.
Moss, R. and Webster, R. 2004. EC 2 and BS 8110 compared. Structural Engineer, 82, pp.33-38.
Mourad, S.A. and Hassan, M. 2009. The response modification factor in seismic design codes for steel MRF. In: Conference: 13th ICSGE-International Conference on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, 627-629.
Muir, L. and Duncan, C.J. 2011. The AISC 2010 Specification and the 14th Edition Steel Construction Manual. Vol. 2011. Structures Congress, United States. pp.661-675.
Nahhas, T.M. 2011. A comparison of IBC with 1997 UBC for modal response spectrum analysis in standard-occupancy buildings. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 10, pp.99-113.
Nahhas, T.M. 2017. A comparison of Saudi building code with 1997 UBC for provisions of modal response spectrum analysis using a real building. Open Journal of Earthquake Research, 6, p.98.
Nandi, L. and Guha, P. 2014. Design comparison of different structural elements by using different international codes. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 3, 2161-2164.
NBR, A. 2006. 15421: Design of earthquake-resistant structures-Procedure. Rio de Janeiro. Ng, C.K., Loo, S.W. and Bong, Y.P. 2006. Reinforced concrete beams at ultimate flexural limit state: Comparison of BS 8110 and Eurocode 2. Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2006), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.5-6.
Noor, M., Ansari, M. and Seraj, S. 1997. Critical evaluation and comparison of different seismic code provisions. Journal of Civil Engineering, 25, pp.1-20.
Nowak, A.S. and Rakoczy, A.M. 2012. Reliability-based calibration of design code for concrete structures (ACI 318). Anais do 54 Congresso Brasileiro do Concreto, Brasil.
Nowak, A.S. and Szerszen, M.M. 2003. Calibration of design code for buildings (ACI 318): Part 1-Statistical models for resistance. ACI Structural Journal, 100, pp.377-382.
Nwofor, T., Sule, S. and Eme, D. 2015. A comparative study of Bs8110 and Eurocode 2 standards for design of a continuous reinforced concrete beam. IJCIET, 6, pp.76-84.
Nwoji, C. and Ugwu, A. 2017. Comparative Study of BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 in structural design and analysis. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36, pp.758-766.
O’Bannon, R.E. 1973. Building Department Administration: International Conference of Building Officials. ICC, United Arab Emirates.
Obrien, E.J. and Dixon, A.S. 1995. Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design: The Complete Process. CRC Press, United States.
Oyenuga, V. 2011. Reinforced Concrete Design-a Consultant/Computer Based Approach. 2nd ed. Astro Limited, Lagos Nigeria.
Pacheco, J., De Brito, J., Chastre, C. and Evangelista, L. 2019. Uncertainty models of reinforced concrete beams in bending: Code comparison and recycled aggregate incorporation. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145, 04019013.
Parisi, M.A. 2008. The Eurocode for earthquake-resistant design: An outline. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 13, pp.161-166.
Pekau, O., Zielinski, Z. and Lin, L. 1995. Displacement and natural frequencies of tall building structures by finite story method. Computers and Structures, 54, pp.1-13.
Poston, R.W. and Dolan, C.W. 2008. Reorganizing ACI 318. Concrete International, 30, pp.43-47
Rajeev, A., Meena, N.K. and Pallav, K. 2019. Comparative study of seismic design and performance of omrf building using Indian, British, and European codes. Infrastructures, 4, p.71.
Regulation, B. 2004. Reform of Building Regulation: Productivity Commission Research Report. Productivity Commission, November.
Reichert, J. 2005. Will Change Management Master the Challenge of Introducing the Eurocodes to the UK?. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, University College of London, United Kingdom.
Reynolds, C.E., Steedman, J.C. and Threlfall, A.J. 2007. Reynolds’s Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook. CRC Press, United States.
Rodrigues, H., Arêde, A., Varum, H. and Costa, A.G. 2013. Experimental evaluation of rectangular reinforced concrete column behaviour under biaxial cyclic loading. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 42, pp.239-259.
Rodrigues, H., Varum, H. and Costa, A. 2010. Simplified macro-model for infill masonry panels. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 14, pp.390-416.
Santos, S.H.D., Lima, S. and Arai, A. 2012. Comparative study of codes for the seismic design of structures. Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 5, pp.812-819.
Şengöz, A. 2007. Quantitative Evaluation of Assessment Methods in the 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code. Middle East Technical University, Turkey.
Shkoukani, H.T. 1993. General Rules for Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures According to Eurocode No. 2: Comparative with the ACI Code. Proceedings of the First Palestinian Convention in Civil Engineering, Palestine.
Shodolapo, O. and Kenneth, K. 2011. A comparative study of EC2 and BS8110 beam analysis and design in a reinforced concrete four storey building. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 1, pp.3172-3181.
Shuraim, A., Al-Haddad, M., Al-Zaid, R., Mirza, R. and Al-Sheref, K. Seismic Provisions in the Saudi Building Code. Proceedings of the 7th Saudi Engineering Conference. Citeseer, Riyadh.
Singh, Y., Khose, V.N. and Lang, D.H. 2012. A Comparative Study of Code Provisions for Ductile RC Frame Buildings. Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, p.24-28.
Standard, A.A. 2011. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11). American Concrete Institute, United States.
Standard, B. 1986. Structural use of concrete. BS8110. British Standard, United Kingdom.
Standard, B. 2002. Eurocode-Basis of structural design. Eurocode 0. British Standard, United Kingdom.
Standard, B. 2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. British Standard, United Kingdom. pp.230.
Standard, B. 2006. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. British Standard, United Kingdom.
Tabsh, S.W. 2013. Comparison between reinforced concrete designs based on the ACI 318 and BS 8110 codes. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 48, pp.467-477.
Taha, B.O. and Hasan, S.A. 2018. Acomparative study of the seismic provisions between Iraqi Seismic codes 2014 and 1997 for Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering, 4, pp.180-192.
Tq, A. and Given, D. 2017. 14.37. 5 Test 37 with Solutions. Objectives and Methods of Analysis and Design, and Properties of Concrete and Steel. Design of Concrete Structures, Kharagpur.
Van der Heijden, J. and De Jong, J. 2009. Towards a better understanding of building regulation. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 36, pp.1038-1052.
Varum, H.S.A. 2003. Seismic Assessment, Strengthening and Repair of Existing Buildings. Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.
Vaughan, E. and Turner, J. 2013. The value and impact of building codes. Environmental and Energy Study Institute White Paper, 20, pp.501-517.
Vesilind, P.A. 1995. Evolution of the American Society of Civil Engineers code of ethics. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 121, p.4-10.
Wagh, A., Narkhede, T. and Salunke, P. 2018. Codal comparison of seismic analysis of a high-rise structure. International Journal of Science Technology and Engineering, 5, pp.39-45.
Walraven, J. 2008. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN1992-1-1. Symposium Eurocodes: Background and Applications, Brussels.
Waris, M., Al-Jabri, K. and El-Hussain, I. 2017. Comparison of Oman Seismic Code for Buildings with International Counterparts. World Conference on Earthquake (16WCEE), Santiago, Chile.
Wimo, A., Jönsson, L., Gustavsson, A., Mcdaid, D., Ersek, K., Georges, J., Gulacsi, L., Karpati, K., Kenigsberg, P. and Valtonen, H. 2011. The economic impact of dementia in Europe in 2008-cost estimates from the Eurocode project. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 26, pp.825-832.
Xiaoguang, C., Jingshan, B., Youwei, S., Jianyi, Z. and Yudong, Z. 2012. Comparison of Seismic Fortification Criterion of Eight Asian Countries. 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
Copyright (c) 2022 Diman N. Abdulqader, Dawood S. Atrushi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who choose to publish their work with Aro agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal the right of first publication. The work is simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0]. This license allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors have the freedom to enter into separate agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work. This includes options such as posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book, as long as proper acknowledgement is given to its initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are encouraged to share and post their work online, including in institutional repositories or on their personal websites, both prior to and during the submission process. This practice can lead to productive exchanges and increase the visibility and citation of the published work.
By agreeing to these terms, authors acknowledge the importance of open access and the benefits it brings to the scholarly community.
ARO Journal is a scientific, peer-reviewed, periodical, and OAJ that has no APC or ASC.