Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G Antibodies among the Population of Koya University

Safia S. I.  Blbas; Hiwa A.  Ahmad; Dawan J.  Hawezy; Hemn  Shawgery; Hersh N. Bahadin

doi:10.14500/aro.10831

Safia S. I. Blbas Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-0363
Hiwa A. Ahmad Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3536-8695
Dawan Hawezy School of Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-5634
Hemn Shawgery School of Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-1971
Hersh N. Bahadin School of Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-9188

Keywords: Anti-severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 Antibody, Coronavirus, Coronavirus disease-19, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M.

Abstract

Coronavirus is a pandemic disease. In most cases, the exact infection rate cannot be determined as not everybody can be tested for the virus, even though some of them carry the virus silently. Therefore, detection of antibodies of this virus is more practical to give us a better clue about the rate of infection because the asymptomatic people can be tested too. The serological detection of anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) antibodies among asymptomatic and moderate symptomatic individuals gives us the vital point to understanding the prevalence rate of COVID-19 among the population. Total of (436) volunteers were participated, (96) from teaching staff, (172) employee, and (168) students. Anti-SARS-COV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) were detected in the serum by ELISA technique, and complete blood count was performed for all participants. The number of seropositive of anti-SARS-COV-2/IgG was (159), whereas IgM was (66). The highest prevalence rate of IgG detected among participants with family member infected with coronavirus (42.7%). Total WBCs count significantly increased among IgM positive participants. Many asymptomatic people were infected with coronavirus, which lead to more spreading of the virus among the population. Therefore, mass screening of the population for specific antibody against coronavirus is important to reduce the infection rate.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Safia S. I. Blbas, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

Safia S.I. Blbas is a Lecturer at the Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University. I got the B.Sc. degree in General Biology, the M.Sc. degree in Medical Microbiology and the Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Sciences. My research interests are in Cell signaling, amino acid transporter in the cell membrane and how it affected by dexamethasone and Immunology of pregnancy. Dr. Blbas is a member of scientific committee of Medical Microbiology department.

Hiwa A. Ahmad, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

Hiwa Abdulrahman Ahmad is a Lecturer at the Department Medical Microbiology, Faculty/College of Science and Health, Koya University. He got the B.Sc. degree in Biology, the M.Sc. degree in Immunology-antiviral immunity. His research interests are in, Immunology, Virology and Antiviral Immunity. Hiwa is a Director of Science and Health Research Canter at Koya University.

Dawan Hawezy, School of Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

Dawan J. Hawezy is an Assistant Lecturer at the School of Medicine, Koya University. He got a B.Sc. degree in Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, the M.Sc. degree in General Surgery, Hawler Medical University. His research interests are in breast surgery, medical education and wound surgery. Dr. Dawan is a member of the Kurdistan Association of Surgeons

Hemn Shawgery, School of Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

Hemn R. Salih is a Lecturer at the Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Koya University. He got the B.Sc. degree in college of Medicine Salahaddin University-Erbil, and the Ph.D.[Both Iraqi & Arabic Board ]degree in Internal Medicine. His research interests are in Cardiology, Infectious Diseases & Internal Medicine. Dr. Hemn is a member of Iraqi & Arabic Council of Health (Medical) Specialities in Medicine.

Hersh N. Bahadin, School of Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region - F.R. Iraq

Hersh N. Bahadin is an Assistant Lecturer at the School of Medicine, Koya University. He got the B.Sc. degree in Pharmacy, the M.Sc. degree in Pharmacology . His research interests are in Ddrug action , clinical Pharamcology and Diabetic Drugs. Dr. Hersh is a member of Kurdistan Syndicate of Pharmacy.

References

Acik, D.Y. and Bankir, M., 2021. Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with blood groups. Transfusion Medicine Hemotherapy, 382, pp.1-7.

Azkur, A.K., Akdis, M., Azkur, D., Sokolowska, M., van de Veen, W., Brüggen, M.C., O’Mahony, L., Gao, Y., Nadeau, K. and Akdis, C.A., 2020. Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID‐19. Allergy, 75, pp.1564-1581.

Bendavid, E., Mulaney, B., Sood, N., Shah, S., Bromley-Dulfano, R., Lai, C., Weissberg, Z., Saavedra-Walker, R., Tedrow, J. and Bogan, A., 2021. COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in santa clara county, california. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50, pp.410-419.

Britton, T., Ball, F. and Trapman, P.J.A., 2020. The Disease-Induced Herd Immunity Level for COVID-19 is Substantially Lower than the Classical Herd Immunity Level. CDC and PREVENTION, 2020. COVID-19 Pandemic Planning Scenarios. United States Centers for Disease Control, United States.

Dimonte, S., Jalal, P.J., Ahmad, H.A., Karim, S.B., Soor, T.A.H., Ali, S.I., Babakir-Mina, M. and Greco, F., 2020. Is the SARS-CoV2 evolved in human being: A prospective genetic analysis. Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 5, pp.169-177.

Feng, X., Li, S., Sun, Q., Zhu, J., Chen, B., Xiong, M. and Cao, G., 2020. Immune-inflammatory parameters in COVID-19 cases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, p.301.

George, C.E., Inbaraj, L.R., Chandrasingh, S. and Witte, D., 2021. High seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection in a large slum in South India; what does it tell us about managing a pandemic and beyond? Epidemiology Infection, 149, pp.e39.

George, C.E., Norman, G., Wadugodapitya, A., Rao, S.V., Nalige, S., Radhakrishnan, V., Behar, S. and de Witte, L., 2019. Health issues in a Bangalore slum: Findings from a household survey using a mobile screening toolkit in Devarajeevanahalli. BMC Public Health, 19, pp.1-12.

Guzik, T.J., Mohiddin, S.A., Dimarco, A., Patel, V., Savvatis, K., Marelli-Berg, F.M., Madhur, M.S., Tomaszewski, M., Maffia, P. and D’Acquisto, F., 2020.

COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: Implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovascular Research, 116, pp.1666-1687.

Hellewell, J., Abbott, S., Gimma, A., Bosse, N.I., Jarvis, C.I., Russell, T.W., Munday, J.D., Kucharski, A.J., Edmunds, W.J. and Sun, F., 2020. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. The Lancet Global Health, 8, pp.e488-e496.

Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H.M., von Delft, A., Price, A., Fridman, L. and Tang, L.H., 2020. Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review. Available form: https://www. preprints.org. [Last accessed on 2021 Jun 01].

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J. and Gu, X., 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395, pp.497-506.

Lauer, S.A., Grantz, K.H., Bi, Q., Jones, F.K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H.R., Azman, A.S., Reich, N.G. and Lessler, J., 2020. The incubation period of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: Estimation and application. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172, pp.577-582.

Leffler, C.T., Ing, E., Lykins, J.D., Hogan, M.C., Mckeown, C.A. and Grzybowski,A., 2020. Association of country-wide Coronavirus mortality with demographics, testing, lockdowns, and public wearing of masks. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103, pp.2400-2411.

Li, F., Li, W., Farzan, M. and Harrison, S.C., 2005. Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor. Science, 309, pp.1864-1868.

Liu, K., Fang, Y.Y., Deng, Y., Liu, W., Wang, M.F., Ma, J.P., Xiao, W., Wang, Y.N., Zhong, M.H. and Li, C.H., 2020. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chinese medical Journal, 133, p.1025.

Merza, M.A., Al Mezori, A.A.H., Mohammed, H.M. and Abdulah, D.M., 2020. COVID-19 outbreak in Iraqi Kurdistan: The first report characterizing epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings of the disease. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14, pp.547-554.

Nakano, Y., Kurano, M., Morita, Y., Shimura, T., Yokoyama, R., Qian, C., Xia, F., He, F., Kishi, Y. and Okada, J., 2021. Time course of the sensitivity and specificity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies for symptomatic COVID-19 in Japan. Scientific Reports, 11, pp.1-10.

Oran, D.P. and Topol, E., 2020. Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A narrative review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173, pp.362-367.

Pourali, F., Afshari, M., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Javidnia, J., Moosazadeh, M. and Hessami, A., 2020. Relationship between blood group and risk of infection and death in COVID-19: A live meta-analysis. New Microbes New Infections, 37, pp.100743.

Racine, R. and Winslow, G.M., 2009. IgM in microbial infections: Taken for granted? Immunology Letters, 125, pp.79-85.

Rosenberg, E.S., Tesoriero, J.M., Rosenthal, E.M., Chung, R., Barranco, M.A., Styer, L.M., Parker, M.M., Leung, S.Y.J., Morne, J.E. and Greene, D., 2020. Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York. Annals of Epidemiology, 48, pp.23-29.e4.

Sarhan, A.R., Flaih, M.H., Hussein, T.A.and Hussein, K.R., 2020. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak in Iraq: The First Wave and Future Scenario, medRxiv.

Shakiba, M., Nazari, S.S.H., mehrabian, F., Rezvani, S.M., Ghasempour, Z. and Heidarzadeh, A., 2020. Seroprevalence of COVID-19 Virus Infection in Guilan Province, Iran, MedRxiv. Siedlinski, M., Jozefczuk, E., Xu, X., Teumer, A., Evangelou, E., Schnabel, R.B., Welsh, P., Maffia, P., Erdmann, J. and Tomaszewski, M., 2020. White blood cells and blood pressure: A mendelian randomization study. Circulation, 141, pp.1307-1317.

Sun, Y., Zhou, J. and Ye, K., 2021. White blood cells and severe COVID-19: Amendelian randomization study. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11, p.195.

Teng, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z. and Zhang, S., 2020. Mendelian randomization in COVID-19: Applications for cardiovascular comorbidities and beyond. EBioMedicine, 57, p.102847.

Wang, S., Fu, L., Huang, K., Han, J., Zhang, R. and Fu, Z., 2021. Neutrophilto-lymphocyte ratio on admission is an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019. Journal of Infection, 82, pp.e16-e18.

WHO, 2020a. Considerations for Implementing and Adjusting Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 14 June 2021. World Health Organization, Geneva.

WHO, 2020b. Population-Based Age-Stratified Seroepidemiological Investigation Protocol for COVID-19 Virus Infection, 17 March 2020. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Wölfel, R., Corman, V.M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller,M.A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T.C., Vollmar, P. and Rothe, C., 2020. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature, 581, pp.465-469.

Wu, Y., Feng, Z., Li, P. and Yu, Q., 2020. Relationship between ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clinica Chimica Acta, 509, pp.220-223.

Xu, X., Sun, J., Nie, S., Li, H., Kong, Y., Liang, M., Hou, J., Huang, X., Li, D. and Ma, T. 2020. Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China. Nature Medicine, 26, pp.1193-1195.

Zhao, J., Yang, Y., Huang, H., Li, D., Gu, D., Lu, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Liu, T. and Liu, Y. 2020. Relationship between the ABO blood group and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Susceptibility. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(2), pp.328-331.

Zhu, B., Feng, X., Jiang, C., Mi, S., Yang, L., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y. and Zhang, L., 2021. Correlation between white blood cell count at admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21, pp.1-5.